: at inside derails, kills three riders, injures one rider, and slams into a concrete post. Shin Chan Episodes Download Torrent there. • – Construction of the, the world's largest openable, is completed in the Netherlands. • – pleads guilty to for selling top secret United States to.

TIM RILEY PUBLICATIONS PTY LTD Ph (02. Tim Riley Houston Texas Year 11 Economics Tim Riley Pdf File Download. Year 11 Economics Tim Riley Pdf Writer 2016 was a leap year starting on Friday (dominical letter CB) of the Gregorian calendar, the 2016th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the. Results for the Year. The Income & Expenditure results for 2010-11 are summarised below: 2010-11. My name is Adam and I am in debt. Yep, I came out and said it in the first sentence. I hope that shows you how passionate I am about getting out of debt and enjoying. Year 11 Economics Tim Riley Pdf Merge Online. Year 11 Economics Tim Riley Pdf Files admin The (HSC) Economics course is a 2-unit elective course undertaken by students in across their final 2 years of schooling.

To 31.07.11). Ms A Grant, BA, MSc (from 1.08.11). Sir Tim Lankester KCB MA (Camb) MA (Yale). Mr A G McClellan BA (to 31.07.11). Professor R Moxon MA. Accounting Standards Board Reporting Statement. Results for the Year. The Income & Expenditure results for 2010-11 are summarised below: 2010-11. My name is Adam and I am in debt. Yep, I came out and said it in the first sentence. I hope that shows you how passionate I am about getting out of debt and enjoying. Year 11 Economics Tim Riley Pdf Merge Online. Groundspeak Terms of Use Kraft Deal is Year's. By Year; By Topic; Banking Applications & Legal Developments. Finance and Economics Discussion Series (FEDS). Blick Law Firm is grounded in Christian values! Tampa Bay law firm specializing in.

• – Former is elected president of Austria. • – The releases its report on the disaster. • – South Africa declares a nationwide state of emergency. • – The accident happened in 's (Known in this date as 'Fantasyland').

A six-minute video documentary of NICE from 2008. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence ( NICE) is an executive of the in the, which publishes guidelines in four areas:. the use of within the NHS (such as the use of new and existing medicines, treatments and procedures). clinical practice (guidance on the appropriate treatment and care of people with specific diseases and conditions). guidance for public sector workers on and ill-health avoidance.

Greek philosopher Heraclitis said over years ago that “Nothing endures but change.” Forecasting is a tricky business, but this sentiment strikes us as being. Today we are excited to introduce Libby Rittenberg and Timothy Tregarthen’s Principles of Economics V The authors teach economics as the study of ” choice. District Judge Indira Talwani also ordered Huffman, the former star of the popular television series 'Desperate Housewives' and one-time Academy Award nominee, to pay a $30,000 fine, undergo a year of supervised release and complete 250 hours of community service. Huffman, 56, pleaded guilty in May.

guidance for social care services and users. These appraisals are based primarily on evaluations of efficacy and cost–effectiveness in various circumstances. It serves both the and the. It was set up as the National Institute for Clinical Excellence in 1999, and on 1 April 2005 joined with the Health Development Agency to become the new National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (still abbreviated as NICE). Following the, NICE was renamed the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence on 1 April 2013 reflecting its new responsibilities for social care, and changed from a to an Executive Non-Departmental Public Body (ENDPB). NICE was established in an attempt to end the so-called of healthcare in England and Wales, where treatments that were available depended upon the NHS Health Authority area in which the patient happened to live, but it has since acquired a high reputation internationally as a role model for the development of clinical guidelines.

One aspect of this is the explicit determination of cost–benefit boundaries for certain technologies that it assesses. NICE also plays an important role in pioneering technology assessment in other healthcare systems through NICE International, established in May 2008 to help cultivate links with foreign governments. Contents. Policy history The notion of an Institute to determine the clinical effectiveness of interventions first emerged at the end of 's Conservative Government as moves elsewhere were being made to set professionally agreed standards for clinical care.

In 1996, the (NSC) had been established by and (now Sir Muir Gray) by the Policy Team led by Dr Tim Riley and latterly Sir Charles Nightingale for the Department of Health. The NSC aimed to ensure that evidence-based medicine informed policy making on what national screening programmes were approved for funding and what quality assurance mechanisms should be in place.

This was a timely action as concerns over screening quality had emerged in breast cancer screening services came under question at Exeter in 1997 and followed in the wake of the 1995. The idea of what was originally termed a National Institute for Clinical Excellence took root when Labour came to power having in 1997. Became Secretary of State and was supported by a team of Ministers keen on introducing clinical and health outcome measures to achieve improvements in the quality and delivery of care. The team included, and. The name and mission was agreed in a meeting between the Ministerial team, Dr Tim Riley and Dr Felicity Harvey shortly after the election and it was agreed that NICE should be described in the first policy, The New NHS: Modern, Dependable 1997. Riley led the team that developed the policy for NICE and which managed the legislation through Parliament in addition to formalising the new institute as a. Riley joined (the then recently appointed Chair of NICE) at the in February 1999 where questions were raised as to whether NICE was just a means to 'ration' healthcare.

Sir Michael Rawlins presented a compelling case that positioned NICE as a standards setting body first and foremost. However, the reality was that although NICE was principally aimed at aligning professional standards through clinical guidelines and audit, the acceptability of drugs, devices and technological interventions in defining those standards, could not be ignored and so the concept of a 'fourth hurdle' for drugs accessing the NHS market was invoked.

This controversial policy shift meant that NICE was critical for decisions on drug reimbursement. Indeed, the first drug appraisal by NICE was on the drug which was turned down amidst criticisms from that the appraisal had been fast tracked. Later, this policy development whereby the criteria for decision making, the role of costs, and the degree to which decisions of NICE and the secretary of state would be binding on clinicians was analysed by, Trevor Gibbs, Tim Riley, and. Technology appraisals Since January 2005, the NHS in and has been legally obliged to provide funding for medicines and treatments recommended by NICE's technology appraisal board. This was at least in part as a result of well-publicised postcode lottery anomalies in which certain less-common treatments were funded in some parts of the UK but not in others due to local decision making in the NHS.

Before an appraisal, the Advisory Committee on Topic Selection (ACTS) draws up a list of potential topics of clinical significance for appraisal. The or the must then refer any technology so that the appraisal process can be formally initiated. Once this has been done NICE works with the Department of Health to draw up the scope of the appraisal. NICE then invites consultee and commentator organisations to take part in the appraisal. A consultee organisation would include patient groups, organisations representing health care professionals and the manufacturers of the product undergoing appraisal. Consultees submit evidence during the appraisal and comment on the appraisal documents.

Commentator organisations include the manufacturers of products to which the product undergoing appraisal is being compared. They comment on the documents that have been submitted and drawn up but do not actually submit information themselves.

An independent academic centre then draws together and analyses all of the published information on the technology under appraisal and prepares an assessment report. This can be commented on by the Consultees and Commentators. Comments are then taken into account and changes made to the assessment report to produce an evaluation report. An independent Appraisal Committee then looks at the evaluation report, hears spoken testimony from clinical experts, patient groups and carers. They take their testimony into account and draw up a document known as the 'appraisal consultation document'. This is sent to all consultees and commentators who are then able to make further comments. Once these comments have been taken into account the final document is drawn up called the 'final appraisal determination'.

This is submitted to NICE for approval. The process aims to be fully independent of government and lobbying power, basing decisions fully on clinical and cost-effectiveness. There have been concerns that by pharmaceutical companies to mobilise media attention and influence public opinion are attempts to influence the decision-making process. A fast-track assessment system has been introduced to reach decisions where there is most pressure for a conclusion. Clinical guidelines NICE carries out assessments of the most appropriate treatment regimes for different diseases.

This must take into account both desired medical outcomes (i.e. The best possible result for the patient) and also economic arguments regarding differing treatments. NICE has set up several National Collaborating Centres bringing together expertise from the royal medical colleges, professional bodies and patient/carer organisations which draw up the guidelines.

The centres are the, the, the, and the. The National Collaborating Centre appoints a Guideline Development Group whose job it is to work on the development of the clinical guideline. This group consists of medical professionals, representatives of patient and carer groups and technical experts. They work together to assess the evidence for the guideline topic (e.g. Of competing products) before preparing a draft guideline.

There are then two consultation periods in which stakeholder organisations are able to comment on the draft guideline. After the second consultation period, an independent Guideline Review Panel reviews the guideline and stakeholder comments and ensures that these comments have been taken into account. The Guideline Development Group then finalises the recommendations and the National Collaboration Centre produces the final guideline.

Year 11 Economics Tim Riley Pdf Download Full

Tim Riley Houston

This is submitted to NICE to formally approve the guideline and issue the guidance to the NHS. To date NICE has produced more than 200 different guidelines. In October 2014 said that a Labour government could reduce variation in access to drugs and procedures by making it mandatory for commissioners to follow NICE clinical guidelines. 'We need to look at how you strengthen NICE. Where they have said something is effective and affordable, on what basis does a local commissioner withhold that from somebody? I’m not comfortable with that.

I don’t support that.' NICE has a service called Clinical Knowledge Summaries (CKS) which provides primary care practitioners with a readily accessible summary of the current evidence base and practical guidance. Social care guidance. This article needs more to help. Please help by adding links within the existing text. (September 2013) Under the 2012, NICE was given responsibility for developing guidance and quality standards for, using an evidence-based model.

This is being delivered by the NICE Collaborating Centre for Social Care (NCCSC), which is hosted by the (SCIE) and 4 partner organisations - Research in Practice, Research in Practice for Adults, and the. NICE receives referrals for social care guidance from the Department of Health and the, and commission the guidance from the NCCSC. NICE, along with the NCCSC, carries out a scoping exercise with a scoping group and with input from key stakeholders, at both a workshop and a public consultation, to ensure the guidance to be produced is focused and achievable.

A and members of the Guidance Development Group are appointed, and pose review questions which will enable systematic evidence reviews to take place, thus delivering the guidance and subsequent recommendations. Service user and carer involvement takes place throughout, as well as public consultation on the draft guidance. The Guidance Development Group then finalises the recommendations and the NCCSC produces the final guideline. This is submitted to NICE for formal approval and publication.

The entire process from pre-scoping to publication takes approximately 24 months. The guidance is then available to NICE standing committees to develop a quality standard on the topic. The quality standard is developed using the guidance and other accredited sources, to produce high-level concise statements that can be used for quality improvement by social care providers and commissioners, as well as setting out what service users and carers can expect of high quality social care services. The NCCSC is unique within NICE, in that it is the only collaborating centre to have responsibility for the adoption and dissemination support for guidance and quality standards in the.

Drawing on the expertise of SCIE and their partners within the sector, each of the guidance products and quality standards have a needs assessment carried out to determine the requirements for tools to help embed the guidance and quality standards within the sector. These can include tailored versions of guidance for specific audiences, costing and commissioning tools and even training and learning packages. As of August 2013, NICE and the NCCSC had scheduled guidance delivery for five topics:, older adults with long-term conditions, transition between health and social care settings, transition from children's to adults' services and child abuse and neglect. Cost–effectiveness As with any system financing health care, the NHS has a limited budget and a vast number of potential spending options. Choices must be made as to how this limited budget is spent.

Are carried out within a framework to compare the cost-effectiveness of alternative activities and to consider the associated with their decisions. By choosing to spend the finite NHS budget upon those treatment options that provide the most efficient results, society can ensure it does not lose out on possible health gains through spending on inefficient treatments and neglecting those that are more efficient. NICE attempts to assess the cost–effectiveness of potential expenditures within the NHS to assess whether or not they represent 'better value' for money than treatments that would be neglected if the expenditure took place. It assesses the cost–effectiveness of new treatments by analysing the cost and benefit of the proposed treatment relative to the next best treatment that is currently in use. Quality-adjusted life years NICE guidance supports the use of (QALY) as the primary outcome for quantifying the expected health benefits associated with a given treatment regime.

By comparing the present value (see ) of expected QALY flows with and without treatment, or relative to another treatment, the net/relative health benefit derived from such a treatment can be derived. When combined with the relative cost of treatment, this information can be used to estimate an (ICER), which is considered in relation to NICE's threshold willingness-to-pay value. As a guideline rule, NICE accepts as cost-effective those interventions with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of less than £20,000 per QALY and that there should be increasingly strong reasons for accepting as cost-effective interventions with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of over a threshold of £30,000 per QALY. Over the years, there has been great controversy as to what value this threshold should be set. Initially, there was no fixed number. But the appraisal teams created a consensus amount of about £30,000. However, in November 2008, the then Secretary of State, announced that for end-of-life cancer drugs the threshold could be increased above £30,000.

The first drug to go through the new process was, whose ICER was £43,800. Cost per quality-adjusted life year gained The following example from NICE explains the QALY principle and the application of the cost per QALY calculation. A patient has a life-threatening condition and is expected to live on average for 1 year receiving the current best treatment which costs the NHS £3,000. A new drug becomes available that will extend the life of the patient by three months and improve his or her quality of life, but the new treatment will cost the NHS more than three times as much at £10,000. Patients score their perceived quality of life on a scale from 0 to 1 with 0 being worst possible health and 1 being best possible health. On the standard treatment, quality of life is rated with a score of 0.4 but it improves to 0.6 with the new treatment.

Patients on the new treatment on average live an extra 3 months, so 1.25 years in total. The quality of life gained is the product of life span and quality rating with the new treatment less the same calculation for the old treatment, i.e. (1.25 x 0.6) less (1.0 x 0.4) = 0.35 QALY.

The marginal cost of the new treatment to deliver this extra gain is £7,000 so the cost per quality life year gained is £7000/0.35 or £20,000. This is within the £20,000-£30,000 that is suggested by NICE to be the limit for drugs to be cost-effective. If the patient was expected to live only one month extra and instead of three then NICE would issue a recommendation not to fund. The patient's could still decide to fund the new treatment, but if not, the patient would then have two choices. He or she could opt to take the free NHS standard treatment, or he or she may decide to pay out of pocket to obtain the benefit of the new treatment from a different health care provider. If the person has a private health insurance policy the person could check to see whether the private insurance provider will fund the new treatment. About 8% of the population has some private health insurance from an employer or trade association and 2% pay from their own resources.

Basis of recommendations Theoretically, it might be possible to draw up a table of all possible treatments sorted by increasing the cost per quality-adjusted life year gained. Those treatments with lowest cost per quality-adjusted life year gained would appear at the top of the table and deliver the most benefit per value spent and would be easiest to justify funding for. Those where the delivered benefit is low and the cost is high would appear at the bottom of the list. Decision makers would, theoretically, work down the table, adopting services that are the most cost effective. The point at which the NHS budget is exhausted would reveal the, the threshold lying between the CQG gained of the last service that is funded and that of the next most cost effective service that is not funded. In practice this exercise is not done, but an assumed shadow price has been used by NICE for many years in its assessments to determine which treatments the NHS should and should not fund.

NICE states that for drugs the cost per QALY should not normally exceed £30,000 but that there is not a hard threshold, though research has shown that any threshold is 'somewhat higher' than being in the range £35,000 - £40,000. The, in its report on NICE, stated in 2008 that 'the (.) cost-per-QALY it uses to decide whether a treatment is cost-effective is of serious concern. The threshold it employs is not based on empirical research and is not directly related to the NHS budget, nor is it at the same level as that used by Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) in providing treatments not assessed by NICE, which tends to be lower. Some witnesses, including patient organisations and pharmaceutical companies, thought NICE should be more generous in the cost per QALY threshold it uses, and should approve more products. On the other hand, some PCTs struggle to implement NICE guidance at the current threshold and other witnesses argued that a lower level should be used. However, there are many uncertainties about the thresholds used by PCTs.'

It went on to recommend that 'an independent body should determine the threshold used when making judgements of the value of drugs to the NHS.' Criticism The work that NICE is involved in attracts the attention of many groups, including doctors, the pharmaceutical industry, and patients. NICE is often associated with controversy, because the need to make decisions at a national level can conflict with what is (or is believed to be) in the best interests of an individual patient. Approved cancer drugs and treatments such as and are funded by the NHS without any financial contribution being taken from the patient.

Where NICE has approved a treatment, the NHS must fund it. But not all treatments have been assessed by NICE and these treatments are usually dependent on local NHS decision making.

In the case of cancer the was set up in 2011 after complaints about NICE decisions on new and expensive cancer drugs with limited benefits. Treatment for fertility problems are approved but not always funded by and they may cap the number of rounds. Patients may pay privately if they wish for unapproved treatment. NICE has been criticised for being too slow to reach decisions.

On one occasion, the said it was outraged over its delayed decision for further guidance regarding two drugs for that are already approved for use in the NHS. However the Department of Health said that it had 'made it clear to PCTs that funding for treatments should not be withheld simply because guidance from NICE is unavailable'. Some of the more controversial NICE decisions have concerned, (review) and for the treatment of and, and for. All these are drugs with a high cost per treatment and NICE has either rejected or restricted their use in the NHS on the grounds that they are not cost-effective. A Conservative shadow minister once criticized NICE for spending more on communications than assessments. In its defence, NICE said the majority of its communications budget was spent informing doctors about which drugs had been approved and new guidelines for treatments and that the actual cost of assessing new drugs for the NHS includes money spent on NICE's behalf by the Department of Health.

When these were added to NICE's own costs, the total cost of the technology appraisal programme far outstrips the cost of NICE communications. A report from the Centre for Health Economics written by in February 2015 suggested that the maximum threshold, currently around £30,000 a year, for judging a medicine cost-effective should be more than halved.

They found that any intervention costing more than £13,000 per risked causing more harm than good by denying cost effective treatment to other patients. The institute's approach to the introduction of new oral therapy for has been criticised.

Was approved in 2015. It costs about £30,000 for 12 weeks treatment. Established 22 Operational Delivery Networks to roll out delivery and proposes to fund 10,000 courses of treatment in 2016-17. Each has been given a “run rate” of how many patients they are allowed to treat.

This is the NHS’ single biggest new treatment investment this year. In the North East London network patients with or go to the front of the queue and three new patients at the Grahame Hayton Unit at the start treatment each month.

Those without such complications may faced considerable delays before they start treatment. See also. which deals with similar matters in Scotland.

which has produced treatment guidelines since 1995 on over 120 conditions. References.

Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Health Committee (2013). The Stationery Office. (PDF) (Press release). Retrieved 2009-09-18.

(Press release). Retrieved 2009-09-18. (Press release). Retrieved 2009-09-18. Schlander, Michael (2007). Retrieved 2008-11-13.

Retrieved 8 Oct 2014. Cheng, Tsung-Mei (2009-09-15). Retrieved 2009-09-18.

November 1997. January 3, 2011, at the.

Department of Health. NICE put on defensive as ruling on Relenza ends in row over 'leaks', 7 October 1999. Milbank Quarterly, September 2001. Sorenson, C; Drummond, M; Kanavos, P; McGuire, A.

Retrieved 2009-09-18. Berg, Sanchia (2006-06-09). Retrieved 2008-11-13. Retrieved 8 October 2014. Health Service Journal.

30 October 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2014. Peter Smith (2008). Radcliffe Publishing.

Judith A Rees; Ian Smith; Jennie Watson (2014). Elsevier Health Sciences UK. ^ Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes, Drummond et al (2005). NICE guidance, 2008.

(PDF). Archived from (PDF) on 2011-09-25. Boseley, S; Sparrow, A (4 November 2008). Retrieved 14 September 2014. Appraisal Committee. Archived from (PDF) on 2012-03-27. Retrieved 2011-05-13.

National Institute for clinical effectiveness. ^. Devlin, N; Parkin, D. Retrieved 2014-11-20. Retrieved 2015-09-05. (Press release). Retrieved 2008-11-13.

Year 11 Economics Tim Riley Pdf Download Online

Financial Times. 19 February 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015. Health Service Journal. 4 April 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.

Year 11 Economics Tim Riley Pdf Download Free

Retrieved 14 May 2016. Further reading. organised by.: 'What is the NICE threshold?' , Centre for Health Economics, University of York.